Being a female boss is nothing to smile about, new research has suggested, as women are less likely to be promoted to top roles if they are cheerful.
Instead they need to be dominant, hard-lined and assertive to get selected, according to economists from Germany’s Technische Universitat Munchen (TUM).
But even the most hard-working female employees may not reach the top because of gender stereotypes, the researchers said.
The study found women bosses are thought to be good at negotiating, developing strategy and having particularly good networking skills to expand a business.
But companies want bosses to be bossy - tough and uncompromising - while women are seen as being too cheerful, the study suggests.
TUM economists conducted a series of invented scenarios with employees from various companies, involving ‘potential’ leaders.
The volunteers were then asked to select which candidate they would prefer as a boss and to list the qualities and characteristics of each of the potential leaders.
Employees considered the female candidates showed certain qualities such as negotiation skills, and strengths in networking and strategy. But they preferred the men as bosses.
Research leader Professor Isabell Welpe said: 'Even these skills are not enough.
'They ignore the fact that there are stereotypes that on a subconscious level play a decisive role in the assessment of high achievers.
'Leaders should be assertive, dominant and hard-lined; women are seen as mediators, friendly, social.'
Women did better if they were judged to be ‘proud’ but worse if they were assessed as ‘cheerful.’
Even when men and women behave in a similar way, they are still not perceived to be the same, said the findings to be presented at an upcoming business symposium.
For instance, both the male and female leadership candidates in one scenario deliberately did not delegate decision-making when it made sense to do so.
However, the employees marked down the women candidates for this but not the male ones, suggesting they viewed their actions differently according to their gender.
Professor Welpe added: 'There is still the belief that men in leadership positions show more assertiveness towards their staff.
'The surprising thing is that some female stereotypes are more reinforced in the minds of women themselves - for example their tendency to accept a dominant leadership style in men.'
She added: 'Women who looked cheerful were judged to be less willing to lead. Pride, on the other hand, is positively associated with leadership qualities.'
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